Explain why Henry VIII wanted to end his marriage to Catherine of Aragon in 1529. It could be argued that Henry VIII wanted a divorce from Catherine in favour of a younger, more intelligent Anne. Henry’s extensive letter writing to Anne despite his hatred for writing backs this up. This is Henry’s divorce from Anne can be summed up in three main arguments. Firstly, Henry’s infatuation with Anne Boleyn, an intelligent and charming young woman. It is evident of Henry’s deep love for Anne, by means of his multitude of love letters written to her, despite his hatred for writing. However, it can also be argued that Anne was merely catalyst for a revolution already in the process. It is believed that Henry had already stopped sleeping with Catherine before he began to court Anne. This is evidence of Henry’s growing despair as to the chance of a male heir by Catherine. Furthermore, it’s believed that Henry had already began the process of seeking an annulment before he’d fallen in love with Anne, again showing Anne to be a mere catalyst. After Henry ceased to sleep with Catherine, he began searching for further ways of securing the future of his dynasty. He knew from the reign of his father that the lack of a clear successor caused civil unrest – there were many people vying for control of the crown. It is clear that Henry was desperate to prevent this, therefore in his desperation he went to great lengths to set his illegitimate son, Henry Fitzroy, as his heir. He was granted the title Duke of Richmond – a great honour. Henry’s lack of an heir was obviously a large reason for his divorce, and with Catherine’s age putting to rest the question of further children Henry grew distressed, his second choice for dynastic security was his only trueborn child, Mary. However, with Mary’s legitimacy questioned by the French it was doubtful she could be acknowledged as the rightful heir. Nonetheless, it could be argued that Henry’s frantic search for an heir was futile due to the existence of Henry Fitzroy, having already been made Duke by Henry. However, Henry was attuned to the fact he required a legitimate heir and a baseborn bastard son would not be recognised in the eyes of the nobility. The final argument for Henry’s divorce is his conscience. Linking back to Henry’s need for a legitimate heir he began to feel doubts as to Mary’s legitimacy – was King Francis right? This formed the base of his argument for annulment, Leviticus 20:21 states, “If a man shall take his brother’s wife… they shall be without childrenâ€. This discounted Mary as successor to the throne – she was the offspring of an “unclean†marriage. Henry truly believed in the voracity of Leviticus, shown by his patience shown towards the hope in granting his annulment – he waited 5 years to no avail – without attempting any other, non-Catholic methods of ending his marriage. Despite the importance of a legitimate male heir, the evidence points to the fact that Henry was driven by his conscience, Anne was merely the catalyst for his divorce, as he had stopped sleeping with Catherine before he was in love with Anne, she merely caused him to look for more radical solutions.
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Conventional silver-based film is still the recommended technology for evidentiary photography or for field applications. These cameras offer the highest resolution possibilities as well as the highest dynamic range. They have the best color range and are the most flexible of the currently available camera technology options. Silver-based film is the most durable storage medium as well, and is more readily available than video or digital storage media (“Guidelines).
Resolution quality, or the sharpness of detail, is one of the most significant advantages of silver-based film. The extremely small sized silver crystals for this type of film allow silver-based film cameras to have a much higher resolution than digital cameras. 35mm camera negatives have an approximate resolution of 5500 x 3600 pixels, while digital cameras typically only have a resolution of 640 x 480 pixels. That equates to only 1.6 percent of the information that is captured with a silver-based film camera being captured with a digital camera (“Guidelinesâ€). There are disadvantages to using this sort of camera, however. First is the need for a separate processing and printing facilities. In addition, there is a relatively long processing time involved for silver-based film. Processing the film also creates environmentally hazardous byproducts, in addition the film prior to processing is sensitive to temperature and humidity changes, as well as x-rays. The most notable disadvantage is that there is no way for the photographer to evaluate the image immediately, unless instant film is used (“Guidelinesâ€). Advantages and Disadvantages of Digital Cameras: Digital cameras offer some distinct advantages over other types of cameras. The foremost benefit they offer the user is the ability to view the image instantly and verify that image is exactly what was wanted. In addition, the image can be transmitted or shared with very few intermediate steps. Onsite image management as well as printing are added advantages, as well as more environmentally friendly media than film (“Guidelinesâ€). The disadvantages of digital cameras, however, often outweigh its advantages. Digital cameras require batteries or alternate power supplies to operate. This means that there is a negative environmental impact, power must be converted, and a power supply must always be available. Storage media, although becoming more readily available, is still not available universally. Acquiring an image may be interfered with by electromagnetic fields, and once an image is acquired it may go through an automatic compression, losing some of the detail. Digital camera hardware and software are not always compatible with other manufacturers and there is a need for increased technical support. Lastly, as technology evolves there may be an impact on the ability to access image files, when that file format becomes outdated (“Guidelinesâ€). Advantages and Disadvantages of Video Cameras: Video cameras have become more and more popular with the advancements in technology. Video cameras allow for a real-time motion record and the recorder can immediately review the images captured to ensure they are what was desired. Like digital cameras, video cameras can transmit and disseminate images with very few steps in between and they are more environmentally friendly than silver-based film. One of the most significant advantages to video cameras is their ability to not only capture video imagery but also audio as well (“Guidelinesâ€). Yet, there are disadvantages to this technology as well. Like digital cameras, video cameras require batteries or an alternate power supply, and these have a negative environmental impact and the availability of these affect whether or not the video camera can be used. Video camera storage media is also subject to damage due to electromagnetic fields, and like digital cameras, electromagnetic interference may affect image acquisition. Resolution on video cameras is less than either digital or silver-based film cameras and there is limited color fidelity. Add to these the challenge that handheld video cameras lack image stability and that the weight and portability of some equipment may prove to be a problem. High end digital video cameras are better resolution than analog cameras (“Guidelinesâ€). Advantages and Disadvantages of Hybrid Imaging Systems: Hybrid imaging systems combine silver-based film technology with digital technology. The advantages of this type of system is that there is less time to be spent in the darkroom and the camera maintains the high-quality film images. With this high quality, there is still the flexibility that comes with digital image processing. Just like digital cameras, images can easily be transferred electronically and can be analyzed electronically as well. This system also simplifies case-file management and can use a variety of output devices (“Guidelinesâ€). There are disadvantages to this system, however. There is still a need for separate processing and printing facilities for the silver-based film, which includes the lengthy processing time and the environmentally hazardous byproducts. Just like a regular silver-based film camera, the preprocessed film is fragile and can be damaged by temperature, humidity and x-rays. And, it requires increased technical support, unlike a regular silver-based film camera (“Guidelinesâ€). Personal Opinion on Which Camera is Best for Crime Scene Photography: Crime scene photography requires clear pictures of specific details that may not remain at the scene. For this reason, there is one feature that is absolutely mandatory when considering which camera is best suited for crime scene photography. The first is that the camera must have a high enough resolution to capture the important details of the images captured. This narrows the choices of the camera down to then, either the silver-based film camera or the hybrid imaging system. Of course when one considers the importance of ensuring that all crime scene facets are photographed adequately, it becomes clear that the ability to review an image instantaneously is a powerful benefit. With this ability, the photographer can ensure that he has captured exactly what he wants on film, without the risk of missing something that may not be able to be filmed later. For this reason, the hybrid imaging system appears to be the best choice. It not only allows for the high resolution necessary to capture important details, but allows the photographer instant access to the images he or she just took, so that they can verify that they captured everything they would like. Although this system does have the processing drawbacks of silver-based film, it also has the benefits of being able to transmit image files electronically, as well as the enhanced storage and filing. |